Which type of architecture is used with controller-based networks?

The Spine/Leaf architecture model has been adopted in controller-based networks. The Leaf switch acts as the access and distribution, and the Spine acts as the core or backbone for the network. The three-tier network model and the collapsed core network model are used with controller-based networking. However, the concepts of the Cisco three-tier model are still applicable, such as the access, distribution, and core concepts as described. A storage area network (SAN) fabric is not used in a network or controller-based network, as it is applicable only to storage area networks.