Kimon is investigating a security incident that took place at a highly secure government facility. He believes that encryption keys were stolen during the attack and finds evidence that the attackers used dry ice to freeze an encryption component. What type of attack was likely attempted?

In a fault injection attack, the attacker attempts to compromise the integrity of a cryptographic device by causing some type of external fault. For example, they might use high-voltage electricity, high or low temperature, or other factors to cause a malfunction that undermines the security of the device. Side-channel attacks seek to use information about system activity and retrieve information that is actively being encrypted. Brute-force attacks attempt every possible valid combination for a key or password. In a timing attack, the attacker measures precisely how long cryptographic operations take to complete, gaining information about the cryptographic process that may be used to undermine its security.